Turkey (Republic of Turkey)
Turkey is flanked by eight nations: Bulgaria toward the northwest; Greece toward the west; Georgia toward the upper east; Armenia, Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan toward the east; and Iraq and Syria toward the southeast.
The Mediterranean Sea is toward the south; the Aegean Sea toward the west; and the Black Sea toward the north.
The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together frame the Turkish Straits) outline the limit amongst Thrace and Anatolia; they likewise isolate Europe and Asia. Turkey's area at the junction of Europe and Asia makes it a nation of critical geostrategic significance.
Turkey has been occupied since the paleolithic age, including different Ancient Anatolian civic establishments, Aeolian and Ionian Greeks, Thracians and Persians.
After Alexander the Great's victory, the region was Hellenized, which proceeded with the Roman lead and the move into the Byzantine Empire.
The Seljuk Turks started moving into the region in the eleventh century, beginning the procedure of Turkification, which was enormously quickened by the Seljuk triumph over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.
The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol intrusion in 1243, whereupon it broke down into a few little Turkish beyliks.
Beginning from the late thirteenth century, the Ottomans joined Anatolia and made a realm enveloping quite a bit of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, turning into a noteworthy power in Eurasia and Africa amid the early current time frame.
The realm achieved the pinnacle of its energy between the fifteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years, particularly amid the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566). After the second Ottoman attack of Vienna in 1683 and the finish of the Great Turkish War in 1699, the Ottoman Empire entered a long stretch of decay.
The Tanzimat changes of the nineteenth century, which expected to modernize the Ottoman state, ended up being deficient in many fields, and neglected to stop the disintegration of the domain. The Ottoman Empire entered World War I (1914–1918) in favor of the Central Powers and was eventually crushed. Amid the war, significant monstrosities were submitted by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks.
Taking after WWI, the colossal aggregation of regions and people groups that some time ago contained the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into a few new states.
The Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922), started by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his associates in Anatolia, brought about the foundation of the advanced Republic of Turkey in 1923, with Atatürk as its first president.
Turkey is a majority rule, common, unitary, protected republic with a differing social legacy. The nation's authentic dialect is Turkish, a Turkic dialect talked locally by around 85% of the populace.
Around 70-75% of the populace are ethnic Turks and around 30-35% of the populace comprises perceived (Armenians, Greeks and Jews) and ungrecognized (Kurds, Circassians, Albanians, Georgians and so forth.) minorities.
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